An article of mine about evolution of forms technology was published on The Register. The need for this technology is why I went to work at Adobe and why I left when I realized they would not market LCDS this way.

BTW, Froyo – aka Android 2.2 update arrived on my Nexus One July 1. My phone runs Flash! Congrats to my friends at Adobe for creating the first/best universal portable runtime for rich UIs. As a stock holder, I just wish you had a better monetization vehicle for it (hint, hint). Thanks Google for not being afraid of Flash, plus all of the great things you did with android: tethering, navigation, my tracks, maps, gmail, etc.

My article on the register.

Source control plays an essential role in software engineering.  I’ve been using it ever since my first job and it transformed how I code.  But like every tool it seems, it can be your best friend or at times your worst enemy.  Most painfully, CVS, SVN and P4 for example all are terrible at merging a branch the second time.  They lose track of what was already merged and start registering false conflicts.

At Adobe, on some complex projects during lockdown you’d have to coordinate with someone before each checkin.  He’d bracket batches of commits with tags, then carefully merge a set of deltas one batch at a time.  Not a fun job – everyone’s waiting on you, while you are trying to juggle lots of code you did not write at a critical juncture of the project.

The other time source control let me down in a big way was on my trip to India a couple of years ago.  Access to the source control system back in San Jose was so poor, it made me change how I worked – in a bad way.  I did not verify the diffs and checkin comments for affected code before making changes.  I batched up all sync/checkins during breaks (and yes took more breaks).

The reasons Git is superior:

Local history, local branches

I started a new project by creating a git repository on my local machine (git init, git add).  A few months later, I wanted to share the code with a friend.  I cloned my local repository into a bare repository on a hosted linux vps, then gave out that URL (git clone ssh://myserver.com/var/git/myapp.git).  Now I can “git push” and “git pull” changes to/from that remote server as needed to share or backup my work.  Each repository maintains the entire history of shared branches so even if there is a central repository, you use it less often.  When you have conflicts trying to push or pull, there’s one straightforward process to merge and resolve them.

Stashing changes

Occasionally you need to put work on hold to fix some other more important bug.  Git lets you stash away your changes in a temporary branch (git “stash”), do the fix, then bring your changes back with “git stash apply”, all without touching a server.

Smaller checkins

Because you can check in changes to your own repository without affecting others and without having to run the complete test suite, your checkins tend to be smaller which improves the quality of your version history.  At Adobe I was known for massive checkins sometimes with as many as 10 bug fixes.  That’s because the test suites would take an hour or more to run.  I could run them at most two times a day without interrupting my work.  Later this cost me time when trying to identify or merge a particular fix.  With Git you make checkins to your local project at natural intervals for history.  You push/pull at natural intervals for synchronization.

Staging/Live Repositories

On all but the smallest projects, you need a way to test environments that are isolated from active development prior to release.  Usually you tell coders to stop checking in changes during lockdown or you might create a branch and start merging.  Either way slows you down at the most critical phase of the project.

With Git you define a separate server repository for each level of isolation that is required.  You might have a development repository which developers sync to, a staging repository for testing primarily used by QA, followed by a live one that is used to mirror what is actually released or to be released.  During normal development, you might have staging automatically pull from development so QA stays on the latest.  But after lockdown, you turn this off.  QA can move changes as needed from the development repository into staging and sync that to live as needed.  Any developer can change their default repository and sync to either staging or live as needed when problems arise.

No Waiting

So far, I like the performance characteristics of Git.  Given the architecture, some things are faster, some things are slower but I suspect that since Linus wrote the core, most things you do day-to-day are faster even on large projects.  Version information is maintained per-repository, not per-file so getting the changes which affect an individual file can be slower – i.e. the “git blame” command (similar to cvs annotate).  But commits, push and pull commands have so far been very fast for me.  Despite the fact that Git does not store changes as “diffs”, but instead stores everything as a compressed blob file-chunks, space has not been an issue.

Smarter Than You’d Expect

Renaming a file?  Git figures that out automatically by comparing SHA1 hashes.  Git can even figure out when you refactor a big chunk of one file into another one.  It does fancy ascii-art during each push/pull to show you added/removed chunks.

Verifies All Files

Kernel programmers tend to be paranoid (a good thing).  Git verifies the integrity of all files using SHA1 hashes.  If any bit is out of place, it will barf with some cryptic error that may require a google search to fix.   But this has already paid off for me.  One problem I had with Git on windows was running it in cygwin without newlines getting destroyed (it only works in one of cygwin’s binary mode).  Git complained which prevented me from checking in any corrupted files.

Flexible

My favorite app server, Resin, is now using Git behind the scenes to sync files across a cluster of servers.  I like that use since a) it is pretty fast, b) it makes it easy to make an isolated change on a live server while tracking that change robustly, c) you can check the history even on production, d) The verification comes in super handy here – any local changes can be detected and traced.

As with all new technology there are caveats.  Git is still fairly low-level, has numerous options and did not fully follow industry standard conventions (i.e to revert: “git checkout file”).  It takes more thought to set up repositories and workflows, and the two-phase commit/push process requires some mental re-wiring.  Because it is so flexible, people are still figuring out how to use it best for different purposes.  Since no one is making money off of git (except maybe github?), it is evolving fairly slowly in the “polish” area.  But from now on, for me it’s gotta be git.

Like many software architects, I’ve built quite a bit of framework code in support of applications because the design patterns I wanted to use were not present in the core language.  As a software engineer who cares for the whole life-cycle of the products I build, I’ve always been looking for the best way to get declarative programmers more involved in development and customization of applications.  In 1996 I had finished building a visual programming language called AVS/Express with a sophisticated data binding system.  I realized AVS would never market it as a horizontal software tool and yet I was intrigued by the power these designs might have in the broader marketplace.  Like others, I believed Java would be the next big thing in software engineering and luckily found a great company looking to innovate in Java web platforms, ATG.  We designed a page template language, an IOC framework called Nucleus and a sophisticated ORM solution called “data anywhere”, all of which were keys to ATG’s success as both a platform and a customizable e-commerce solution.  Despite my advice to create horizontal offerings with these APIs, these remain high cost, five figure “enterprise” products and lost out to free offerings Spring, Struts, Hibernate when those were developed.

Today, ATG makes money regardless but their customers must spend a lot of money on headhunters given how many unsolicited phone calls and emails I get looking for trained ATG developers.  I bet their current e-commerce business would be even better if more developers were trained on their system.  I also suspect they are feeling saddled by a large platform code base to maintain that hinders them as much as helps now.  The cheaper stuff is evolving faster because more developers are using them.

I joined Adobe in 2005 because I believed they could push these design patterns into robust platform software that would get broad enough adoption to be successful.  With Flash/Flex they had a competitive UI but still were largely ignored by mainstream business engineering companies.  They needed server connectivity, round-trip UI to database tooling and improved standards compliance to really advance software engineering efficiency in a significant way among the corporate developers.  At the time I had come to believe that big companies were the best way to build software platforms because they could make large quantity, lower cost products successful and had the resources to plan for long-term investments.  It seemed like a perfect fit.

During the first Adobe internal developer’s conference I attended, the theme was “Platforms” and I was encouraged early on.  Sadly, I learned many lessons of big company politics that led me to learn their limitations when it comes to innovation.  In Adobe’s case, they are all about platforms on the client but when you get to the server, it becomes a political mine field.   When I was hired, I was told Flex would be much cheaper than its low five figure price at that time.  Shortly after I joined with the merger just starting things changed.  My product would have a free version but would cost an even higher five figured price for an unlimited one CPU clusterable license.  I never liked that pricing strategy but recently it just got worse.  They dropped the free version and raised the price on the unlimited version by another 20%.   For a set of tools so widely applicable (forms, persistence, etc.) and evolving elsewhere simultaneously that’s price will ensure other technology evolves more quickly to fill this need and Adobe loses their last/best monetization vehicle for Flash.

While I still believe I was right about big companies being the best places to evolve software platforms, I now see their limitations more clearly.   A big company has a complex political landscape and the deeply hierarchical management structure makes it more difficult to make good engineering decisions unless the leaders understand the vision.  Platforms combine standards with meticulous design and must include an efficient process for rapid evolution to ensure the success of its solutions.   Big companies will always be tempted to use their leverage and momentum to steer technology projects away from the path of efficiency towards a tactical advantage.  This type of decision making is the path to brittle and slowly evolving tools infrastructure.  To me software engineering is still engineering first and foremost.  We build mission critical components just like other engineers which become important public investments so corporate misdirection and bungling of technology advancements which harm efficiency particularly pains me.

I’ve spent the last 8 months part time researching the state of the industry looking for the next big language – the one like Java was in 1996 – that would help us make even better, more solid and maintainable software designs going forward.  I want maximum portability from mobile to desktop to cloud.  I want to leverage all of the language idioms we’ve all learned, leverage all of the library code we’ve built but improve the design integrity, flexibility and robustness of the designs.  I’ve looked at Ruby, Scala, JavaFX – the three major contenders and found them all to be an unsuitable base from an engineering perspective for my purposes.

I’ve also found what I consider fragile support for each as well:

JavaFX: With Oracle taking over Sun, I believe that we have lost a major supporter of quality open source engineering languages and tools.  Oracle’s record of doing what’s right for engineering efficiency and promoting standards even if means potential loss of leverage is not good.  Sun was ok at best but it will in all likelihood just get worse from here.  JavaFX is not as open as Java and is not fully compatible with Java so it almost looks like Sun was trying to fork Java back into a proprietary language before the merger.  Can Sun help Oracle?  In my experience, Macromedia had a great affect on Adobe’s culture in terms of opening up engineering, raising awareness of standards and treating developers as an important constituency.  But at the end of the day, Adobe’s management determined what went down and that did not change after the merger.  I don’t expect Oracle to be more open than Sun or more successful at advancing such a core technology smoothly.  Their business unit managers like to make decisions about technology.  I have not met any Oracle BU heads personally but I feel like I know a couple of them because every meeting I’ve been at with Oracle starts with a discussion of their thoughts.  This is in contrast to Google where it appears like the engineers make decisions about which technology to use for a particular solution.  So I am not optimistic about JavaFX’s long term prospects to solve our core engineering challenges.

Ruby: A dynamic language, without strong typing has very little chance of ever competing on performance with a compiled language.  If you can’t turn “a.b” into “load from offset” and instead need a method call you are sunk from the get go.  I believe a language for writing languages is a great prototyping tool but a poor way to enforce design practices and build a single consistent language adopted by a broad community.   In terms of support, there is no one officially paid to work on the original Ruby runtime that most people use but there are paid projects trying to migrate them to Java and .NET.  Without compatible native plugins though, these efforts are guaranteed to fragment the community and so far have not helped really improve Ruby’s performance or toolability.

Scala: The best attempt yet to make an advanced functional language suitable for the masses but advanced functional languages are not suitable for the masses.  It seems that most of the interesting languages these days are coming from the academic world but I think academics have a different focus than commercial programmers.  Systems tend to be built and maintained by the same person in academia but in the corporate world, code will get handed off and probably to someone with less programming experience than the author.  Scala is also a language for writing languages – again a poor choice for mainstream engineering.

We are all used to free languages but this has left a void of credible language and tools companies.  JetBrains, one of the few has recently open sourced the core of their Java tool suite so that they can compete with Eclipse as a tools ecosystem effectively.   I hope their market is still solid so they can continue to innovate as Eclipse would not be nearly as good without them.

Google shines in this space, continuing to make incredible contributions across the spectrum.  They have yet to show that they are using their leverage unfairly.  You do not see them making corporate bets on any one language – they support Python, Java, C/C++ and have released two languages Simple and Go in the last few months.  Neither of these look particularly strategic to me. Simple is another visual basic-like language designed to help entry-level programmers be more productive but does nothing to improve their workflows with other types of programmers.  Go might be interesting as an alternative to C but like C only targets systems programmers.

I should mention IBM as they have been big supporters of open source projects in the past and I do think they’ve done a lot of good in the industry over the years.  But their challenge is that for any truly horizontal product, there are dozens of competitive efforts internally and so they are not likely to drive change as quickly as would benefit the industry as change for them involves considerable risk and retraining.

Along with researching the industry, I’ve also been building a new platform so the question of how best to market it in today’s climate is something I’ve been doing a lot of thinking about.   All I’m sure of is that it will not be easy.   We developers are tough to sell to.  We have a reluctance for lock-in, desire for all source, and complete control over every link in the supply chain without royalties.  The risk of going overboard of course is that we do not invest directly in those tools and lose out on competitive advantage to tools which improve our productivity.   For now, my project will be independent but I’m interested in any ideas you have for the best way to market platforms in today’s climate.